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A List of Literature Published on
Protocalliphora and Related Ectoparasites

American Ornithologist’s Union.  1998.   Checklist of North America Birds.  7th Edition, American Ornithologist’s Union, Washington, D.C.  

American Ornithologist’s Union.  2002.   Forty-second supplement to the American Ornithologist’s Union Check-list of North American Birds. Auk 117: 847-858  

Arendt, W.J.  1985.   Philornis ectoparasitism of pearly-eyed thrashers.  I. Impact on growth and development of nestlings. Auk102: 270-280.  

Arnold, W.W.  1919.  Maggot infested birds, Auk, 36: 147-148.

Barbara Ann, Sister  1970.  Five years’ experience with a bluebird population.  Maryland Birdlife, 26: 81-92.  

Baudry, E., J. Bartos, K. Emerson, T. Whitworth, and J. H. Warren.  2003.  Wolbachia on genetic variability in the birdnest blowfly, Protocalliphora sialia.  Molecular Ecology 12: 1843-1854.  

Baumgartner, D.  1988.  Review of myiasis (Insecta: Diptera: Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae) of nearctic wildlife.  Seventh annual symposium of wildlife rehabilitators Assoc.  46pp.  

Benard, J., and  J. N. McNeil  1979.  Protocalliphora hirudo (Diptera: Calliphoridae)  Infesting Savannah Sparrow,  Passerculus sandwichensis (Aves: Fringillidae), in eastern Quebec. Can.Ent. 111: 111-112.  

Bennett, G.F. and T.L. Whitworth  1991.  Studies on the life history  of some species of Protocalliphora (Diptera:Calliphoridae) Can J. Zool, 69: 2048-2058.  

Bennett, G.F. and T.L. Whitworth  1992.   Host, nest, and ecological relationships of species of Protocalliphora (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Can J. Zool ,70: 51-61.  

Bergtold, W.H.  1927.  A house finch infected by fly larvae.  Auk, 44: 106-107.  

Bezzi, Mario  1922.   On the dipterous genera Passeromyia and Ornithomusca, with notes and bibliography on the non-pupiparous Myiodaria parasitic on birds.  Parasitology, 14: 29-46.  

Bohm, R. T.  1978.    Protocalliphora infestation in great horned owls.  Wilson Bull., 90(2): 297.  

Bortolotti, G. R.  1985.    Frequency of Protocalliphora avium (Diptera:  Calliphoridae) infestations on bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus).  Can. J. Zool. 63: 165-168.  

Boyd, A.W.  1936. Report on the swallow enquiry, 1935.  Ibid., 30: 98-116.

Boyes, J.W. 1961.  Somatic chromosomes of higher Diptera.  V. Interspecific and intra-specific variation in the Calliphoridae.  Canadian Journal of Zoology, 39: 549-570, 1 plate.  

Boyes, J.W. and Janny M. van Brink  1965. Chromosomes of Calyptrate Diptera.  Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology, 7: 537-550.  

Boyes, J.W. and G.E. Shewell  1975.  Cytotaxonomy of Calliphoridae (Diptera).  Genetica, 45: 435-488

Burtt, E.H., Chow and Babbit, Mites in Tree Swallows, House Wrens, and E. Bluebird in Loye, J. E. and M. Zuk  1991.  Bird parasite interactions: ecology, evolution, and behavior.  Oxford University Press, Oxford, 406 pp.  

Cais, Leszek  1965.  (Protocalliphora hirudo) Shannon and Dobroscky, 1924 (Diptera, Calliphoridae) in Polland] (In Polish).  Fragmenta Faunistica (Polska Akademia Nauk, Instytut Zoologiczny), 12: 183-191.  

Chapman, B.R.  1973. The effects of nest ectoparasites on cliff swallow populations.  Texas Technological University, Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation: 70 pp.  

Coutant, Albert F.  1915. The habits, life history, and structure of a blood-sucking muscid larva (Protocalliphora azurea).  Journal of Parasitology, 1: 135:150.  

Crocoll, S. and J. W. Parker  1981. Protocalliphora infestation in broad-winged hawks.  Wilson Bull., 93 (1): p  110.  

Dawson, D.D., T.L. Whitworth, and G.R. Bortolotti  1999. Bird blow flies, Protocalliphora (Diptera Calliphoridae), in cavity nests of birds in the Boreal forest of Saskatchewan.  The Canadian Field – Naturalist, 113: 503-506.  

Demas, V. P.   1989. Effects of parasitism by blowfly larvae Protocalliphora sialia (Diptera: Calliphoridae) on western bluebird (Sialia mexicana) nestlings.  University of Florida, masters thesis.  

Eastman, M. D., and L. S. Johnson and L. H. Kermott  1989. Ectoparasitism of nestling house wrens, Troglodytes aedon, by larvae of the blow fly Protocalliphora braueri (Diptera:  Calliphoridae).  Can. J. Zool.  67: 2358-2362.  

Eeva, T., E. Lehikoinen, and J. Nurmi  1994. Effects of ectoparasites on breeding success of great tits (Parus major) and pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) in an air pollution gradient. Can J. Zool 72(4): 624-635.  

Eshuis-van der Voet, C.W. and R.H. de Reede  1974. The effect of parasitism by Protocalliphora.  Ibid. 63: 77-79.  

Fair, J.M. and Miller, C.K.  1995. The parasite blowfly, Protocalliphora spatulata, in two new host species.   Wilson Bull.  107: 347-351  

French, Norman R.  1959. Life history of the Black Rosy Finch.  Auk, 76: 161-180.  

Garrison, B.A., C. Kochilas and D.F. Stauffer  1986. Nestlings great crested flycatcher parasitized by larval fly (Protocalliphora hirudo) Wilson Bull 98: 321.  

Gentes, Marie-line; T.L. Whitworth; C. Waldner; H. Fenton; J. Smits. 2007. Trees Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) nesting on wetlands impacted by oil sands mining are highly parasitized by the bird blow fly Protocalliphora spp. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 43(2): 167-178.

George, J.L., and R.T. Mitchell  1948. Notes on two species of Calliphoridae (Diptera) parasitizing nestling birds.  Auk, 65: 549-552.  

Gold, C. S. and D. L. Dahlsten  1986. Effects of parasitic flies (Protocalliphora spp.) on nestlings of mountain and chestnut-backed chickadees.  Wilson Bull., 95(4): 560-572.  

Gold, C. S. and D. L. Dahlsten 1989. Prevalence, Habitat Selection, and Biology of Protocalliphora (Diptera:Calliphoridae) found in nests of mountain and chestnut-backed chickadees in California.  Hilgardia 57(2): 1-19.  

Guberlet, J.E., and H.H. Hotson  1940. A fly maggot attacking young birds, with observation of its life history.  Murrelet, 21: 65-68.  

Hall, David G.  1948. The blowflies on North America.  Thomas Say Foundation (Entomological Society of America), Lafayette, Ind., 477 pp., 51 plates.  

Halstead, J. A.  1988. American dipper nestlings parasitized by blowfly larvae and the northern fowl mite.  Wilson Bull. 100(3): 507-508.  

Hamerstrom, Frances and Frederick Hamerstrom  1954. Myiasis of the ears of hawks.  Falconry News and Notes 1 (3): 4-8.

Henshaw, H.W.  1908. A parasitic fly injurious to our native birds.  Auk, 25: 87-88.  

Heeb, P., M. Kolliker, and Heinz Richner. 2000. Bird-ectoparasite interactions, nest humidity, and ectoparasite communities structure. Ecology, 81(4): 958-968.  

Hill, H.M.  1948. Raptorial hosts of Protocalliphora.  Condor, 50: 131.

Hill, H.M., and T.H. Work  1947. Protocalliphora larvae infesting nestling birds of prey.  Condor, 49:74-75.  

Hori, K. and Iwasa, M.  1988. Biology of two species of the Protocalliphora (Diptera: Calliphoridae) In Tokacho, Japan; relationship between the occurrence and 3 species of host birds.  Appl. Entomol. Zoo 1-23: 298-303.  

Howe, F.P.  1991. Two new host species for the parasite blowfly Protocalliphora braueri. Wilson Bulletin 103: 520-521.  

Howe, F.P.  1992. Effects of Protocalliphora braueri (Diptera:Calliphoridae) parasitism and inclement weather on nestling sage thrashers.  J. Wildl. Disease 28(1): 141-143.

Hurtrez-Bousses, S., J. Blondel, P. Perret and F. Renaud  1997. Relationship between intensity of blowfly infestation and reproductive success in a Corsican population of blue tits.  J. Avian Biol. 28(3): 267-270.  

Hurtrez-Bousses, S. and Phillipe Perret  1997. High blowfly parasitic loads affect breeding success in a Mediterranean population of blue tits.  Oecologica 112(4) 514-517.
 
Hurtrez-Bousses, S., J. Blondel, and P. Perret  1998. Chick Parasitism.  Ecology letters 1: 17-20.  

Hurtrez-Bousses, S., F. Renaud, J. Blondel, P, Perret, M.J. Galan. 2000. Effects of ectoparasites of young on parents’ behavior in Mediterranean population of blue tits. Journal of Avian Biology 31: 266-269.  

Iwasa, M. and K. Hori  1990. The calliphoridae larvae parasitic on birds in Japan (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Med. And Vet. Entomol. 4: 141-146.  

Iwasa, M., K. Hori, and N. Aoki  1995. Fly fauna of bird nests in Hokkaido Japan     (Diptera) 1995. Can Ent. 127(5): 613-621.  

James, Maurice T.  1954. The blowflies of California.  Bulletin of the California Insect Survey, 4(1): 34 pp.  

Jellison, William L., and Cornelius B. Philip  1933. Faunae of nests of the magpie and crow in western Montana.  Canadian Entomologist, 65: 26-31.  

Johnson, Charles W.  1927a. The infestation of bluebirds’ nests by Protocalliphora.  Bulletin of the Northeastern Bird-Banding Association, 3: 1-3.  

Johnson, Charles W.  1929b. The injury to nestling birds by the larvae of Protocalliphora.  Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 22: 131-135.  

Johnson, Charles W.  1930. Notes on Protocalliphora during the summer of 1930.  Bird-Banding, 1: 169-173.  

Johnson, Charles W.  1931. Nestling birds destroyed by the larvae of Protocalliphora.  Bulletin of the Boston Society of Natural History, 59: 21-24  

Johnson, Charles W.  1931. Notes on Protocalliphora during the summer of 1931.  Bird-Banding, 3: 26-29.

Johnson, L. S. and M. D. Eastman and L. H. Kermott  1991. Effect of ectoparasitism by larvae of the blow fly Protocalliphora parorum  (Diptera:  Calliphoridae) on nestling house wrens, Troglodytes aedon.  Can. J. Zool., 69: 1441-1446.

Johnson, L.S. and D. J. Albrecht  1993. Effects of haematophagous ectoparasites on nestling house wrens, Troglodytes aedon: who pays the cost of parasitism?  OIKOS 66: pp 255-262.  

Judd, W.W.  1944. Dipterious larvae parasitic on nestlings of the song sparrow.  Canadian Field Naturalist, (1943) 57: 146.  

Judd, W.W.  1954. Insects collected from birds’ nests at London, Ontario.  Canadian Field Naturalist, 68: 122-123.  

Judd, W.W.  1957. Diptera (Calliphoridae, Heleidae, and Chloropidae) collected from birds’ nests at London Ontario.  Entomological News, 68: 32-34.  

Kenaga, Eugene E.  1961. Some insect parasites associated with the eastern bluebird in Michigan.  Bird-Banding, 32:  91-94.  

Kozlov, M. V. and Terry Whitworth. 2002. Populations densities and diversity of Calliphoridae (Diptera) around a nickle-copper smelter at Monchegorsk, northwest Russia Entomologica Fennica, 13: 98-104.

Lee, Robert D., and Raymond E. Ryckman  1954. Coleoptera and Diptera reared from owl nests.  Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 49: 23-24.  

Lincoln, F.C.  1931. Protocalliphora infestation of barn and bank swallows.  Bird-Banding, 2: 33-34.  

Loye, J. E.   1986. Host-effects on feeding and survival of the polyphagous cliff swallow bug, Oeciacus vicarius (Hemiptera:  Cimicidae)  Bull. Soc. Vector Ecol., 10 (1): 7-13.  

Loye, J.E. and Scott Carroll  1998. Ectoparasite behavior and its effects on avian nest site selection.  Annals Entomological Society Am 91: 159-163.  

Loye, J. E. and M. Zuk  1991. Bird parasite interactions: ecology, evolution, and behavior.  Oxford University Press, Oxford. 406 pp.  

Mason, Edwin A.  1944. Parasitism by Protocalliphora and management of cavity-nesting birds.  Journal of Wildlife Management, 8: 232-247.  

Matsuoka, S. M. and C. M. Handel and D. D. Roby  1997. Nesting ecology of Townsend’s warblers in relation to habitat characteristic in a mature boreal forest.  The Condor 99: 271-281.  

Meng, Heinz  1954. The bird nest screw-worm fly (Apaulina avium).  Falconry News and Notes, 1(5): 21-22. 

Merino, S. and J. Potti  1998. Growth, nutrition and blow fly parasitism in nesting pied flycatchers.  Can J. Zool 76(5): 936-941.  

Miller, Robert C.  1928. Subcutaneous parasitism of a young warbler by fly larvae.  Murrelet, 10(1): 13-14.  

Miller, C. K. and J. M. Fair  1997. Effects of blow fly (Protocalliphora spatulata:  Diptera:  Calliphoridae) parasitism on the growth of nestling savannah sparrows in Alaska.  Can. J. Zool. 75: 641-644.  

Moller, A. P.  1989. Parasites, predators, and nest boxes: facts and artefacts in nest box studies of birds?  OIKOS 56: 421-423.  

Moller, A. P.  1990. Effects of parasitism by a haematophagous mite on reproduction in the barn swallow.  Ecology, 71 (6), pp. 2345-2357.
 
Moller, A.P.   Ectoparasite loads affect optimal clutch size in swallow.  Funct. Ecol. 5: 351-359.  

Neff, Johnson A.  1945. Maggot infestation of nestling mourning doves.  Condor, 47: 73-76.  

Owen, D.F.  1954. Protocalliphora in birds’ nests.  British Birds, 47: 236-243.  

Owen, D.F., and J.S. Ash  1955. Additional records of Protocalliphora (Diptera) in birds’ nests.  British Birds, 48: 225-229.  

Pinkowski, B.C.  1977. Blowfly parasitism of eastern bluebirds in natural and artificial nest sites.  J. Wildl Manage. 41(2): 272-276.  

Plath, O.E.  1919a. Parasitism of nestling birds by fly larvae.  Condor, 21: 30-38.  

Plath, O.E.  1919c. The prevalence of Phormia azurea Fallen (larva parasitic on nestling birds) in the Puget Sound region and data on two undescribed flies of similar habit. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 12: 373-378.  

Pletsch, Don D.  1948. Parasitic dipterous larvae from the nasal cavity of a nestling magpie. Auk, 65: 296-297.  

Poole, K.G. and R.G. Bromley  1987. Natural history of the gyrfalcon in the central Canadian Arctic.  Arctic, 41: 31-38.  

Rausch, Robert L.  1971. Cutaneous myiasis in a bird by the larval Protocalliphora h. hirudo Shannon and Dobroscky, 1924 (Diptera: Calliphoridae).  Aquilo, Series Zoologica, 13: 1-4.  

Rendell, W.B. and N.A. Verbeck  1996. Are avian ectoparasites more numerous in nest boxes with old nest material?  Can J. Zool.  74(10): 1819-1825.  

Rendell, W.B. and N.A. Verbeck  1996. Old nest material in nest boxes of tree swallows:  effects on reproductive success.  Condor, 98(1): 142-152.

Revels, M. R. 1996. Eight new host species for parasitic blow fly genus Protocalliphora (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Wilson Bull. 108(1): 189-190.  

Revels, M. R. and T.L.Whitworth. 2005. First record of Swainson's Warbler Parasitism by Protocalliphora blow fly larvae. 17:199-200.

Roby, D.D. Swallow Nest Boxes at Creamer’s Field Migratory Waterfowl Refuge:  Occupancy Reproductive Success, and Factors Limiting Productivity.  About 1995  

Roby, D. D. and K. L. Brink and K. Wittmann.  1993. Effects of bird blowfly parasitism on Eastern bluebird and tree swallow nestlings.  Wilson Bull., 104 (4), pp.  630-643.  

Rogers, C. A., R. J. Robertson and B. J. Stuchbury.  1991. –in J. E. Loye, Bird parasite interactions.  Patterns and effects of parasitism by Protocalliphora sialia on tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) nestlings.  

Rognes, Knut  1985. Revision of the bird-parasitic blowfly genus Trypocalliphora, Peus, 1960. (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Entomologica Scandinavica, 15: 371-382.  

Rohdendorf, E.B.  1956. [On the parasitic flies, injurious to nestling singing birds](In Russian, English Summary).  Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 36: 116-124.  

Sabrosky, Curtis W., and Gordon F. Bennett  1957. The utilization of morphological, ecological, and life history evidence in the classification of Protocalliphora (Diptera, Calliphoridae).  Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress of Entomology (Montreal, 1956), 1: 163-164.  

Sabrosky, Curtis W., and Gordon F. Bennett  1971. The bird blow flies (Protocalliphora): Taxonomy, biology and distribution.  (Abstract).  Proc. XIII International Congress of Entomology (Moscow, 1968), 1: 194.  

Sabrosky, C.W., G.F. Bennett and T.L. Whitworth  1989. Bird blow flies (Protocalliphora) in North America (Diptera: Calliphoridae), with notes on Palearctic species.  Smithsonian Institute Press, Wash. D.C. 312pp.

Sargent, William Dunlap  1938. Nest parasitism of hawks.  Auk, 55: 82-84.  

Shannon, Raymond C.  1926. Synopsis of the American Calliphoridae (Diptera).  Proceeding of the Entomological Society of Washington, 28: 115-139.  

Shannon, Raymond C. and Irene D. Dobroscky  1924. The North American bird parasites of the genus Protocalliphora (Calliphoridae, Diptera).  Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 14:  247-253.  

Shields, W.M. and J.R. Crook  1988. Barn swallow coloniality:  A net cost for group breeding in the Adriondacks?  Ecology 68: 1373-1386.  

Simon, A., D.W. Thomas, J. Blondel, M.M. Lambrechts, and P.Perret 2003.  Within-brood distribution of ectoparasite attacks on nestling blue tits: a test of the tasty chick hypothesis using inulin as a tracer.  Oikos 102:551-558.

Simon, A., D. Thomas, J. Blondel, P. Perret, and M. Lambrechts. 2004. Physiological ecology of Mediterranean blue tits (Parus caeruleus L.): effects of ectoparasites (Protocalliphora spp.) and food abundance on metabolic capacity of nestlings. 77(3): 492-501.  

Smar, Matt  1994.  Masters thesis on eastern bluebirds and tree swallows.  

Stiner, Frederic M., Jr.  1969. Overwintering by Protocalliphora metallica (Diptera: Calliphoridae).  Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 62: 1205-1206.  

Stiner, F. 1969.  Parasitism of birds by Protocalliphora blowflies (Ditpera:Calliphoridae) in Delaware.  M.S. thesis University of Delaware.  

Stoner, Dayton  1936. Studies on the bank swallow, Riparia riparia, (Linnaeus) in the Oneida Lake region.  Annals of the Roosevelt Wild Life Forest Experiment Station of the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University, 4: 126-233.

Thompson, Patrick H.  1966. Arthropods from nests of the house sparrow.  Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 68: 44-48.  

Tirrell, P. B.  1978. Protocalliphora avium (Diptera) myiasis in great horned owls, red-tailed hawks, and Swainson’s hawks in North Dakota.  Raptor Research 12(1/2): 21-27. 

Verbeek, N.A.  1967. Breeding biology and ecology of the horned lark in the alpine tundra.  Wilson Bull. 79: 208-218.  

Verbeek, N.A.  1970. Breeding biology of the water pipit.  Auk 82: 425-451.  

Warren, Y.  1994. Protocalliphora braueri  (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Induced pathogenesis in a brood of marsh wren (Cistothorus palustris) young.  J. of wildlife diseases, 30(1): 107-109.  

Warren, Y. and W. R. McManus  1994.  Scanning electron microscopy of the larval mophological characteristics of Two species of Protocalliphora (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Can. J. Zool. 72: 948-950.  

White, Clayton M.  1962. Botulism and myiasis as mortality factors in falcons.  Condor,  65: 442-3.  

Whitworth, Terry L.  1971. A Study of the biology of the species of Protocalliphora in the northern Wasatch Range.  Utah State University, Logan, Utah, unpub. M.S. thesis,
58 pp.  

Whitworth, Terry L.  1976. Host and habitat preferences, life history, pathogenicity and population regulation in species of Protocalliphora Hough (Diptera: Calliphoridae).  Utah State University, Logan, Utah, unpub. PhD. Dissertation pp. xii + 144.  Available Dissertation Abstracts International, B 37 (10): 4933-B, 1977.

Whitworth Terry L.  2002.  Two new species of North American Protocalliphora (Diptera: Calliphoridae) from bird nests.  Proceedings Entomological Society of Washington., 104(3): 801-811.  

Whitworth Terry L.  2002.  New Species Found in wren nest.  Autumn Birdscope, Cornell University.  

Whitworth, Terry L.  2003. A new species of North American Protocalliphora (Diptera: Calliphoridae) from bird nests.  Proceedings Entomological Society of Washington, 105(3), pp.664-673.  

Whitworth Terry L.  2003.  A key to the puparia of 27 species of North American Protocalliphora Hough (Diptera: Calliphoridae) from bird nests and two new puparial descriptions.  Proceedings Entomological Society of Washington, 105(4), pp.995-1033.

Whitworth Terry L. 2006. Keys to the genera and species of blow flies (Diptera: Calliphordae) of America north of Mexico. Proceedings Entomological Society of Washington 108(3): pp.689-725.  Click here for Spanish language version.
Tips For Using The Keys More Effectively And Errata
Tips For Using The Keys More Effectively And Errata (Spanish language version)

Whitworth T.L. and G.F. Bennett  1992  Pathogenicity of larval Protocalliphora (Diptera: Calliphoridae) parasitizing nestling birds.  Can J. Zool 70: 2184-2191.

Whitworth, T.L., R.D. Dawson, H. Magalon, and E. Baudry. 2007. DNA barcoding cannot reliably identify species of the blowfly genus Protocalliphora (Diptera:Calliphoridae). Proc. R. Soc. B 274: 1731-1739.  

Wittmann, K. and R. C. Beason  1992. The effect of blow fly parasitism on nestling eastern bluebird development. J. Field Ornithol., 63(3): 286-293.  

Zach, R.  1982  Nestling house wrens: weight and feather growth.  Can. J. Zool. 60: 1417-1425.  

Zumpt, F.  1965    Myiasis in man and animals in the Old World.  Butterworth & Co., London, England, pp. xv + 267, 1 plate.

 
     
   
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Terry Whitworth, Ph.D.
Entomologist
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Puyallup, WA 98372
Phone 253-845-1818
email: twhitworth@birdblowfly.com

   

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